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US Code, Title 35 (1994 edition)
US Code, Title 35 (1994 edition) — PATENTS
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<title>U.S.C. Title 35 - PATENTS
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<span style="font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;">35 U.S.C. </span><br/>
<span style="font-size:10pt">United States Code, 1994 Edition</span><br/>
<span style="font-size:10pt">Title 35 - PATENTS</span><br/>
<span style="font-size:10pt">From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, <a href="http://www.gpo.gov">www.gpo.gov</a></span><br/><br/>
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<h1 class="usc-title-head">TITLE 35—PATENTS</h1>
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<p class="usc-title-ital-spanner">This title was enacted by act July 19, 1952, ch. 950, §1, 66 Stat. 792</p>
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<div><div class="analysis-head-left">Part</div><div class="analysis-head-right">Sec.</div></div>
<div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-left">I.</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-center">Patent and Trademark Office</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-right">1</div></div>
<div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-left">II.</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-center">Patentability of Inventions and Grant of Patents</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-right">100</div></div>
<div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-left">III.</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-center">Patents and Protection of Patent Rights</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-right">251</div></div>
<div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-left">IV.</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-center">Patent Cooperation Treaty</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-right">351</div></div>
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<h4 class="note-head">Amendments</h4>
<p class="note-body">1984—Pub. L. 98–622, title IV, §403(b), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3392, added item IV.</p>
<table class="uscdispo2col" cellspacing="0" width="700"><caption><cap-smallcap>Table Showing Disposition of All Sections of Former Title </cap-smallcap>35</caption>
<tr><th id="row0col0"><em>Title 35 Former Sections </em></th><th id="row0col1"><em>Title 35 New Sections </em></th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">1</td>
<td class="right">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">2</td>
<td class="right">3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">3</td>
<td class="right">2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">4</td>
<td class="right">4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">5</td>
<td class="right">5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">6</td>
<td class="right">6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">7</td>
<td class="right">7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">10</td>
<td class="right">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">11</td>
<td class="right">31, 32</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">11a</td>
<td class="right">33</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">12</td>
<td class="right">22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">13</td>
<td class="right">11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">14</td>
<td class="right">10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">14a</td>
<td class="right">(See former §78)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">15</td>
<td class="right">12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">16</td>
<td class="right">11(a) 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">17–19</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">20</td>
<td class="right">14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">21</td>
<td class="right">21</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">22</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">23</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">31</td>
<td class="right">101, 102, 161</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">32</td>
<td class="right">102(d), 119, 172</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">32a, 32b</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">33</td>
<td class="right">111, 112, 162</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">34</td>
<td class="right">113, 114</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">35</td>
<td class="right">115</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">36</td>
<td class="right">131</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">37</td>
<td class="right">133, 267</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">38</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">39</td>
<td class="right">153</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">40</td>
<td class="right">154</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">40a–40d</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">41</td>
<td class="right">151</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">42–42f</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">43</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">44</td>
<td class="right">152</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">45</td>
<td class="right">266</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">46</td>
<td class="right">147</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">47</td>
<td class="right">261</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">48</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">49</td>
<td class="right">287</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">50</td>
<td class="right">292</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">51</td>
<td class="right">132, 135</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">52</td>
<td class="right">135</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">53</td>
<td class="right">23</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">54–56</td>
<td class="right">24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">56a</td>
<td class="right">164</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">57</td>
<td class="right">134</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">58, 59</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">59a</td>
<td class="right">141; T. 28 §1542</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">60</td>
<td class="right">142</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">61</td>
<td class="right">143</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">62</td>
<td class="right">144</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">63</td>
<td class="right">145, 146</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">64</td>
<td class="right">251, 252</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">65</td>
<td class="right">253</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">66</td>
<td class="right">291</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">67</td>
<td class="right">281, 284</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">68</td>
<td class="right">T. 28 §1498</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">69</td>
<td class="right">102(g), 282</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">70</td>
<td class="right">283–286, 290</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">71</td>
<td class="right">288</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">72</td>
<td class="right">102, 104</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">72a</td>
<td class="right">146, 291</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">73</td>
<td class="right">171</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">74, 75</td>
<td class="right">289</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">76</td>
<td class="right">114</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">77</td>
<td class="right">173</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">78</td>
<td class="right">12, 13, 41</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">79</td>
<td class="right">42</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">80–87</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">88</td>
<td class="right">254</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">89–96</td>
<td class="right">Elim.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">101–108</td>
<td class="right">Elim.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">109</td>
<td class="right">104</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">110–118a</td>
<td class="right">Elim.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">119</td>
<td class="right">T. 50 App. §2371</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">151</td>
<td class="right">181</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">152</td>
<td class="right">182</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">153</td>
<td class="right">183</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">154</td>
<td class="right">184</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">155</td>
<td class="right">185</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">156</td>
<td class="right">186</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">157</td>
<td class="right">187</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">158</td>
<td class="right">188</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="left">159</td>
<td class="right">Rep.</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<h4 class="note-head">Citation</h4>
<p class="note-body">Section 1 of act July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 792, provided in part that this title may be cited as “Title 35, United States Code, section —.”</p>
<h4 class="note-head">Separability</h4>
<p class="note-body">Section 3 of act July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 815, provided that: “If any provision of Title 35, as enacted by section 1 hereof, is declared unconstitutional or is held invalid, the validity of the remainder of this title shall not be affected.”</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Effective Date; Savings Provision</h4>
<p class="note-body">Section 4 of act July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 815, provided that:</p>
<p class="note-body">“(a) This Act [enacting this title] shall take effect on January 1, 1953 and shall apply to all applications for patent filed on or after such date and to all patents granted on such applications. It shall apply to further proceedings on applications pending on such date and to patents granted on such applications except as otherwise provided. It shall apply to unexpired patents granted prior to such date except as otherwise provided.</p>
<p class="note-body">“(b) Section 102(d) of Title 35, as enacted by section 1 hereof, shall not apply to existing patents and pending applications, but the law previously in effect, namely the first paragraph of R. S. 4887 [first paragraph of section 32 of former Title 35], shall apply to such patents and applications.</p>
<p class="note-body">“(c) Section 119, second paragraph, of Title 35 as enacted by section 1 hereof shall not apply to existing patents.</p>
<p class="note-body">“(d) The period of one year specified in section 102(b) of Title 35 as enacted by section 1 hereof shall not apply in the case of applications filed before August 5, 1940, and patents granted on such applications, and with respect to such applications and patents, said period is two years instead of one year.</p>
<!-- PDFPage:2 --><p class="note-body">“(e) Nothing contained in Title 35, as enacted by section 1 hereof, shall operate to nullify any judicial finding prior to the effective date of this Act on the validity of any patent by a court of competent jurisdiction.</p>
<p class="note-body">“(f) Nothing in Title 35, as enacted by section 1 hereof, shall affect any provision of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, 60 Stat. 755) [§2011 et seq. of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare].</p>
<p class="note-body">“(g) The period of one year specified in section 4 of Title 35 as enacted by section 1 hereof shall not apply in the case of applications filed before the effective date of this Act.</p>
<p class="note-body">“(h) The repeal of sections 1–9, 11, 12 of the Act of Congress approved February 1, 1952 (ch. 4, 66 Stat. 3) [sections 151 to 159 of former Title 35], shall not affect any rights or liabilities existing on the date of approval of this Act [July 19, 1952]. An order of secrecy issued under or in effect under the repealed Act and in effect on the date of approval of this Act, shall be considered as issued under this Act, and any claims arising under the repealed Act or subject to presentation and determination pursuant thereto and unsettled as of the effective date of this Act, may be presented and determined pursuant to the provisions of this Act [this title].”</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Repeals</h4>
<p class="note-body">Section 5 of act July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 815, repealed the sections or parts of sections of the Revised Statutes or Statutes at Large codified in this Act with the proviso that “Any rights or liabilities now existing under such sections or parts thereof shall not be affected by this repeal.”</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Title Referred to in Other Sections</h4>
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<p class="note-body">This title is referred to in title 11 section 101; title 15 sections 278n, 3703; title 17 section 912; title 42 section 12002.</p>
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<h3 class="part-head"><strong>PART I—PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE</strong></h3>
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<div class="analysis">
<div><div class="analysis-head-left">Chap.</div><div class="analysis-head-right">Sec.</div></div>
<div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-left">1.</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-center">Establishment, Officers, Functions</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-right">1</div></div>
<div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-left">2.</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-center">Proceedings in the Patent and Trademark Office</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-right">21</div></div>
<div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-left">3.</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-center">Practice before <sup><a href="#PARTI_1_target" name="PARTI_1">1</a></sup> Patent and Trademark Office</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-right">31</div></div>
<div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-left">4.</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-center">Patent Fees; Funding; Search Systems</div><div class="three-column-analysis-style-content-right">41</div></div>
</div>
<p> </p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Amendments</h4>
<p class="note-body">1991—Pub. L. 102–204, §5(d)(2)(D), Dec. 10, 1991, 105 Stat. 1640, substituted “before” for “Before the” in chapter 3 heading and inserted “; Funding; Search Systems” after “Fees” in chapter 4 heading.</p>
<p class="note-body">1975—Pub. L. 93–596, §1, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1949, substituted “PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE” for “PATENT OFFICE” in part heading and in headings for chapters 2 and 3.</p>
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<h3 class="chapter-head"><strong>CHAPTER 1—ESTABLISHMENT, OFFICERS, FUNCTIONS</strong></h3>
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<div class="analysis">
<div><div class="analysis-head-left">Sec.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">1.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Establishment.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">2.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Seal.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">3.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Officers and employees.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">4.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Restrictions on officers and employees as to interest in patents.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">[5.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right" id="wide">Repealed.]</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">6.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Duties of Commissioner.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">7.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">8.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Library.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">9.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Classification of patents.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">10.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Certified copies of records.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">11.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Publications.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">12.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Exchange of copies of patents with foreign countries.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">13.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Copies of patents for public libraries.</div></div>
<div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-left">14.</div><div class="two-column-analysis-style-content-right">Annual report to Congress.</div></div>
</div>
<p> </p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Amendments</h4>
<p class="note-body">1984—Pub. L. 98–622, title II, §201(b), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3386, substituted “Patent Appeals and Interferences” for “Appeals” in item 7.</p>
<p class="note-body">1972—Pub. L. 92–310, title II, §208(b), June 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 203, struck out item 5 “Bond of Commissioner and other officers”.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Cross References</h4>
<p class="note-body">Access to facilities for study, research and illustration in the Patent and Trademark Office, see section 91 of Title 20, Education.</p>
<p class="note-body">Audit of accounts, see section 3523 of Title 31, Money and Finance.</p>
<p class="note-body">Constitutional provisions, see Const. Art. 1, §8, cl. 8.</p>
<p class="note-body">Department of Commerce, jurisdiction and supervision of the Patent and Trademark Office, see section 1511 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.</p>
<p class="note-body">Records, books, etc., of Patent and Trademark Office, admissibility of copies as evidence, see section 1744 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.</p>
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<p class="footnote"><a href="#PARTI_1" name="PARTI_1_target"><sup>1</sup> So in original. Probably should be capitalized.</a></p>
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<h3 class="section-head">§1. Establishment</h3>
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<p class="statutory-body">The Patent and Trademark Office shall continue as an office in the Department of Commerce, where records, books, drawings, specifications, and other papers and things pertaining to patents and to trademark registrations shall be kept and preserved, except as otherwise provided by law.</p>
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<p class="source-credit">(July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 792; Jan. 2, 1975, Pub. L. 93–596, §1, 88 Stat. 1949.)</p>
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<!-- field-start:notes -->
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<h4 class="note-head">Historical and Revision Notes</h4>
<p class="note-body">Based on Title 35, U.S.C., 1946 ed., §1 (R.S. 475 and Executive Order 4175, Mar. 17, 1925).</p>
<p class="note-body">The word “all” is omitted from the corresponding section of the existing statute and “except as otherwise provided by law” added, since some old records are kept in the National Archives, see 44 U.S.C., 1946 ed., ch. 8A.</p>
<p class="note-body">The word “models” has been omitted to remove emphasis on models since they are no longer generally required. They are included by the word “things.”</p>
<p class="note-body">The phrase “and to trade-mark registrations” is added. There is no enactment corresponding to this section in the trade-mark law. The original chapter of the Revised Statutes containing this section deals with the Patent Office as such in its administration of trade-marks as well as patents. This is explicitly brought out in some of the corresponding sections of the present chapter. Changes in language are made.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Amendments</h4>
<p class="note-body">1975—Pub. L. 93–596 substituted “Patent and Trademark Office” for “Patent Office”.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Change of Name</h4>
<p class="note-body">Section 3 of Pub. L. 93–596 provided that: “The terms ‘Patent Office’ and ‘Commissioner of Patents’ in all laws of the United States shall mean ‘Patent and Trademark Office’ and ‘Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks’, respectively.”</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Effective Date of 1975 Amendment</h4>
<p class="note-body">Amendment by Pub. L. 93–596 effective Jan. 2, 1975, see section 4 of Pub. L. 93–596, set out as a note under section 1111 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Short Title of 1988 Amendment</h4>
<p class="note-body">Pub. L. 100–418, §9001, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1563, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle A (§§9001–9007) of <!-- PDFPage:3 -->title IX of Pub. L. 100–418, enacting section 295 of this title, amending sections 154, 271, and 287 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 271 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Process Patent Amendments Act of 1988’.”</p>
<p class="note-body">Pub. L. 100–418, title IX, §9101(a), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1567, provided that: “This section [amending sections 184 to 186 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 184 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Patent Law Foreign Filing Amendments Act of 1988’.”</p>
<h4 class="note-head">Short Title of 1984 Amendment</h4>
<p class="note-body">Pub. L. 98–622, §1, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3383, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 157 of this title, amending sections 3, 7, 41, 103, 104, 116, 120, 134, 135, 141, 145, 146, 271, 305, 351, 361, 362, 365 to 368, 371 to 373, and 376 of this title, section 1295 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and sections 2182 and 2457 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 7, 41, 103, 157, and 351 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Patent Law Amendments Act of 1984’.”</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Federal Agency Status for Patent and Trademark Office</h4>
<p class="note-body">Pub. L. 101–508, title X, §10102, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–392, provided that: “For the purposes of Federal law, the Patent and Trademark Office shall be considered a Federal agency. In particular, the Patent and Trademark Office shall be subject to all Federal laws pertaining to the procurement of goods and services that would apply to a Federal agency using appropriated funds, including the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 [see Short Title note set out under section 471 of Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works] and the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act [41 U.S.C. 401 et seq.].”</p>
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<h3 class="section-head">§2. Seal</h3>
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<p class="statutory-body">The Patent and Trademark Office shall have a seal with which letters patent, certificates of trade-mark registrations, and papers issued from the Office shall be authenticated.</p>
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<p class="source-credit">(July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 792; Jan. 2, 1975, Pub. L. 93–596, §1, 88 Stat. 1949.)</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Historical and Revision Notes</h4>
<p class="note-body">Based on Title 35, U.S.C., 1946 ed., §3 (R.S. 478).</p>
<p class="note-body">“Certificates of trade-mark registrations” is added, see note under section 1. Changes in language are made and the specific date eliminated.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Amendments</h4>
<p class="note-body">1975—Pub. L. 93–596 substituted “Patent and Trademark Office” for “Patent Office”.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Effective Date of 1975 Amendment</h4>
<p class="note-body">Amendment by Pub. L. 93–596 effective Jan. 2, 1975, see section 4 of Pub. L. 93–596, set out as a note under section 1111 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Cross References</h4>
<p class="note-body">Patents issued under seal of Patent and Trademark Office, see section 153 of this title.</p>
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<h3 class="section-head">§3. Officers and employees</h3>
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<p class="statutory-body">(a) There shall be in the Patent and Trademark Office a Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, a Deputy Commissioner, two Assistant Commissioners, and examiners-in-chief appointed under section 7 of this title. The Deputy Commissioner, or, in the event of a vacancy in that office, the Assistant Commissioner senior in date of appointment shall fill the office of Commissioner during a vacancy in that office until the Commissioner is appointed and takes office. The Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, the Deputy Commissioner, and the Assistant Commissioners shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Secretary of Commerce, upon the nomination of the Commissioner, in accordance with law shall appoint all other officers and employees.</p>
<p class="statutory-body">(b) The Secretary of Commerce may vest in himself the functions of the Patent and Trademark Office and its officers and employees specified in this title and may from time to time authorize their performance by any other officer or employee.</p>
<p class="statutory-body">(c) The Secretary of Commerce is authorized to fix the per annum rate of basic compensation of each examiner-in-chief in the Patent and Trademark Office at not in excess of the maximum scheduled rate provided for positions in grade 17 of the General Schedule of the Classification Act of 1949, as amended.<sup><a href="#3_1_target" name="3_1">1</a></sup></p>
<p class="statutory-body">(d) The Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks shall be an Assistant Secretary of Commerce and shall receive compensation at the rate prescribed by law for Assistant Secretaries of Commerce.</p>
<p class="statutory-body">(e) The members of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board of the Patent and Trademark Office shall each be paid at a rate not to exceed the maximum rate of basic pay payable for GS–16 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of title 5.</p>
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<p class="source-credit">(July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 792; Sept. 6, 1958, Pub. L. 85–933, §1, 72 Stat. 1793; Sept. 23, 1959, Pub. L. 86–370, §1(a), 73 Stat. 650; Aug. 14, 1964, Pub. L. 88–426, title III, §305(26), 78 Stat. 425; Jan. 2, 1975, Pub. L. 93–596, §1, 88 Stat. 1949; Jan. 2, 1975, Pub. L. 93–601, §1, 88 Stat. 1956; Aug. 27, 1982, Pub. L. 97–247, §4, 96 Stat. 319; Oct. 25, 1982, Pub. L. 97–366, §4, 96 Stat. 1760; Nov. 8, 1984, Pub. L. 98–622, title IV, §405, 98 Stat. 3392.)</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Historical and Revision Notes</h4>
<p class="note-body">Based on Title 35, U.S.C., 1946 ed., §2 (R.S. 476, amended (1) Feb. 15, 1916, ch. 22, §1, 39 Stat. 8, (2) Feb. 14, 1927, ch. 139, §1, 44 Stat. 1098, (3) Apr. 11, 1930, ch. 132, §1, 46 Stat. 155).</p>
<p class="note-body">The temporary designation of the assistant commissioner as Commissioner in case of a vacancy in office is added. This will eliminate complications since present applicable general statutes (5 U.S.C., 1946 ed., §7) permit a vacancy to be temporarily filled only for not more than 30 days.</p>
<p class="note-body">Changes in language are made. “Assistant commissioners” is used in the second sentence (and elsewhere in the bill) as referring to all three assistants.</p>
<p class="note-body">This entire title is subject to Reorganization Plan No. 5 of 1950 (64 Stat. 1263) which vests all functions of the Patent Office in the Secretary of Commerce and authorizes delegation by him. It has been found impractical to so word the various sections of the title, and a general provision has been inserted as the second paragraph of this section of the bill, leaving the wording of various sections of the title in terms of officers previously specified and to whom the functions presently stand delegated.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">References in Text</h4>
<p class="note-body">The Classification Act of 1949, as amended, referred to in subsec. (c), is act Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, 63 Stat. 954, <!-- PDFPage:4 -->as amended, which was repealed by Pub. L. 89–554, §8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 632, and reenacted by the first section thereof as chapter 51 (§5101 et seq.) and subchapter III (§5331 et seq.) of chapter 53 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Amendments</h4>
<p class="note-body">1984—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 98–622 added subsec. (e).</p>
<p class="note-body">1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–247 struck out “not more than fifteen” after “two Assistant Commissioners, and”, and inserted “appointed under section 7 of this title” after “examiners-in-chief”.</p>
<p class="note-body">Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 97–366 added subsec. (d).</p>
<p class="note-body">1975—Pub. L. 93–596 substituted “Patent and Trademark Office” for “Patent Office”, and “Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks” for “Commissioner of Patents”, wherever appearing.</p>
<p class="note-body">Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–601 designated first par. as subsec. (a), redesignated first assistant commissioner as a Deputy Commissioner, granted authority for appointment of not more than fifteen examiners-in-chief to Secretary of Commerce instead of the President, and struck out provision relating to performance by assistant commissioners of duties assigned by Commissioner.</p>
<p class="note-body">Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 93–601 designated second and third pars. as subsecs. (b) and (c), respectively.</p>
<p class="note-body">1964—Pub. L. 88–426 repealed provisions which prescribed annual rate of compensation of Commissioner.</p>
<p class="note-body">1959—Pub. L. 86–370 authorized Secretary of Commerce to fix compensation of examiners-in-chief.</p>
<p class="note-body">1958—Pub. L. 85–933 increased number of examiners-in-chief from nine to not more than fifteen and specified annual compensation of Commissioner.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Effective Date of 1984 Amendment</h4>
<p class="note-body">Section 406(b) of Pub. L. 98–622 provided that: “The amendments made by sections 401, 402, and 405 of this Act [amending this section and sections 361, 366, 371, 372, and 376 of this title] shall take effect six months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 8, 1984].”</p>
<h4 class="note-head">Effective Date of 1982 Amendment</h4>
<p class="note-body">Amendment by Pub. L. 97–247 effective Aug. 27, 1982, see section 17(a) of Pub. L. 97–247, set out as a note under section 41 of this title.</p>
<h4 class="note-head">Effective Date of 1975 Amendments</h4>
<p class="note-body">Section 4(b) of Pub. L. 93–601 provided that: “This Act [amending this section and sections 7 and 151 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 151 of this title] shall be effective upon enactment [Jan. 2, 1975]. Examiners-in-chief in office on the date of enactment shall continue in office under and in accordance with their then existing appointments.”</p>
<p class="note-body">Amendment by Pub. L. 93–596 effective Jan. 2, 1975, see section 4 of Pub. L. 93–596, set out as a note under section 1111 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.</p>
<h4 class="note-head">Effective Date of 1964 Amendment</h4>
<p class="note-body">Amendment by Pub. L. 88–426 effective on first day of first pay period which begins on or after July 1, 1964, except to the extent provided in section 501(c) of Pub. L. 88–426, see section 501 of Pub. L. 88–426.</p>
<h4 class="note-head">Effective Date of 1959 Amendment</h4>
<p class="note-body">Section 7(b) of Pub. L. 86–370 provided that: “Sections 1 [amending this section, section 7 of this title, and provisions set out as a note below], 3 [amending sections 2205 and 2208 of former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees], and 6 [amending section 1082 of former Title 5 and section 903 of Title 20, Education] of this Act shall become effective on the first day of the first pay period which begins after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 23, 1959].” Such section 7(b) was repealed by Pub. L. 89–554, §8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 660.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">References in Other Laws to GS–16, 17, or 18 Pay Rates</h4>
<p class="note-body">References in laws to the rates of pay for GS–16, 17, or 18, or to maximum rates of pay under the General Schedule, to be considered references to rates payable under specified sections of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, see section 529 [title I, §101(c)(1)] of Pub. L. 101–509, set out in a note under section 5376 of Title 5.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Existing Positions, Compensation, and Appointments Unaffected by Pub. L. 86–370 Until Action Taken Under Amendments</h4>
<p class="note-body">Section 1(c) of Pub. L. 86–370 provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending sections 1 and 7 of this title] shall not affect—</p>
<p class="note-body-1em">“(1) any position of examiner-in-chief or designated examiner-in-chief existing immediately prior to the effective date of this section [see Effective Date of 1959 Amendment note set out above], or</p>
<p class="note-body-1em">“(2) any incumbent of any such position, his appointment thereto, his rate of compensation, or his right to receive such compensation,</p>
<p class="note-body-block">until appropriate action is taken under authority of such amendments.”</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Cross References</h4>
<p class="note-body">Classification and compensation of civil service employees, see section 5101 et seq. of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.</p>
<p class="note-body">Compensation of Commissioner, see section 5316 of Title 5.</p>
<p class="note-body">Employment of clerks and employees in governmental departments, see section 3101 of Title 5.</p>
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<p class="footnote"><a href="#3_1" name="3_1_target"><sup>1</sup> See References in Text note below.</a></p>
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<h3 class="section-head">§4. Restrictions on officers and employees as to interest in patents</h3>
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<p class="statutory-body">Officers and employees of the Patent and Trademark Office shall be incapable, during the period of their appointments and for one year thereafter, of applying for a patent and of acquiring, directly or indirectly, except by inheritance or bequest, any patent or any right or interest in any patent, issued or to be issued by the Office. In patents applied for thereafter they shall not be entitled to any priority date earlier than one year after the termination of their appointment.</p>
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<p class="source-credit">(July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 793; Jan. 2, 1975, Pub. L. 93–596, §1, 88 Stat. 1949.)</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Historical and Revision Notes</h4>
<p class="note-body">Based on Title 35, U.S.C., 1946 ed., §4 (R.S. 480).</p>
<p class="note-body">The language is revised and inability to apply for a patent, included in the original language, is made explicit.</p>
<p class="note-body">The period of disability is increased to include one year after leaving the Office.</p>
<p class="note-body">The further restriction, that no priority date earlier than one year after leaving the Office can be claimed, is added.</p>
<p class="note-body">The one year period is made inapplicable to applications which may be pending when the revised title goes into effect by section 4(g) of the bill.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Amendments</h4>
<p class="note-body">1975—Pub. L. 93–596 substituted “Patent and Trademark Office” for “Patent Office”.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Effective Date of 1975 Amendment</h4>
<p class="note-body">Amendment by Pub. L. 93–596 effective Jan. 2, 1975, see section 4 of Pub. L. 93–596, set out as a note under section 1111 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.</p>
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<h3 class="section-head">[§5. Repealed. Pub. L. 92–310, title II, §208(a), June 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 203]</h3>
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<p class="note-body">Section, act July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 793, related to bond of Commissioner and other officers.</p>
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<h3 class="section-head">§6. Duties of Commissioner</h3>
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<p class="statutory-body">(a) The Commissioner, under the direction of the Secretary of Commerce, shall superintend or perform all duties required by law respecting the granting and issuing of patents and the registration of trademarks; shall have the authority to carry on studies, programs, or exchanges of items or services regarding domestic and international patent and trademark law or the administration of the Patent and Trademark Office, including programs to recognize, identify, assess and forecast the technology of patented inventions and their utility to industry; and shall have charge of property belonging to the Patent and Trademark Office. He may, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Commerce, establish regulations, not inconsistent with law, for the conduct of proceedings in the Patent and Trademark Office.</p>
<p class="statutory-body">(b) The Commissioner, under the direction of the Secretary of Commerce, may, in coordination with the Department of State, carry on programs and studies cooperatively with foreign patent offices and international intergovernmental organizations, or may authorize such programs and studies to be carried on, in connection with the performance of duties stated in subsection (a) of this section.</p>
<p class="statutory-body">(c) The Commissioner, under the direction of the Secretary of Commerce, may, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, transfer funds appropriated to the Patent and Trademark Office, not to exceed $100,000 in any year, to the Department of State for the purpose of making special payments to international intergovernmental organizations for studies and programs for advancing international cooperation concerning patents, trademarks, and related matters. These special payments may be in addition to any other payments or contributions to the international organization and shall not be subject to any limitations imposed by law on the amounts of such other payments or contributions by the Government of the United States.</p>
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<p class="source-credit">(July 19, 1952, ch. 950, 66 Stat. 793; Oct. 5, 1971, Pub. L. 92–132, 85 Stat. 364; Jan. 2, 1975, Pub. L. 93–596, §1, 88 Stat. 1949; Nov. 14, 1975, Pub. L. 94–131, §2, 89 Stat. 690; Aug. 27, 1982, Pub. L. 97–247, §§7, 13, 96 Stat. 320, 321; Dec. 10, 1991, Pub. L. 102–204, §8, 105 Stat. 1641.)</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Historical and Revision Notes</h4>
<p class="note-body">Based on Title 35, U.S.C., 1946 ed., §6 (R.S. 481 and 483).</p>
<p class="note-body">The two sections are combined into one with some changes in language.</p>
<p class="note-body">“And the registration of trademarks” is added, see note under section 1.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Amendments</h4>
<p class="note-body">1991—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–204 substituted “, including programs to recognize, identify, assess and forecast the technology of patented inventions and their utility to industry; and shall have” for “; and shall have”.</p>
<p class="note-body">1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–247, §13, substituted “, programs, or exchanges of items or services” for “and programs” before “regarding domestic”, and inserted “or the administration of the Patent and Trademark Office” after “trademark law”.</p>
<p class="note-body">Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 97–247, §7, struck out subsec. (d) which provided that the Commissioner, under the direction of the Secretary of Commerce, could, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, allocate funds appropriated to the Patent Office, to the Department of State for the purpose of payment of the share on the part of the United States to the working capital fund established under the Patent Cooperation Treaty and that contributions to cover the share on the part of the United States of any operating deficits of the International Bureau under the Patent Cooperation Treaty would be included in the annual budget of the Patent Office and could be transferred by the Commissioner, under the direction of the Secretary of Commerce, to the Department of State for the purpose of making payments thereof to the International Bureau.</p>
<p class="note-body">1975—Subsecs. (a), (c). Pub. L. 93–596 substituted “Patent and Trademark Office” for “Patent Office” wherever appearing.</p>
<p class="note-body">Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–131 added subsec. (d).</p>
<p class="note-body">1971—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–132 designated existing par. as subsec. (a) and authorized the Commissioner, under direction of Secretary of Commerce, to carry on studies and programs regarding domestic and international patent and trademark laws.</p>
<p class="note-body">Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 92–132 added subsecs. (b) and (c).</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Effective Date of 1982 Amendment</h4>
<p class="note-body">Amendment by Pub. L. 97–247 effective Aug. 27, 1982, see section 17(a) of Pub. L. 97–247, set out as a note under section 41 of this title.</p>
<h4 class="note-head">Effective Date of 1975 Amendments</h4>
<p class="note-body">Amendment by Pub. L. 94–131 effective Jan. 24, 1978, and applicable on and after that date to patent applications filed in the United States and to international applications, where applicable, see section 11 of Pub. L. 94–131, set out as an Effective Date note under section 351 of this title.</p>
<p class="note-body">Amendment by Pub. L. 93–596 effective Jan. 2, 1975, see section 4 of Pub. L. 93–596, set out as a note under section 1111 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.</p>
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<h4 class="note-head">Use of Exchange Agreeme…
